Marcus Aurelius Antoninus essays

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus articles Marcus Aurelius Antoninus is perceived as probably the best ruler in Roman history; additionally being a section among the Five Good Emperors. Marcus administered the domain from 161 to 180 AD. (Parks) As an exceptionally clever man, he stands apart as one of the best learned rulers in Western Civilization. Marcus was intrigued with a firm want for harmony that showed itself in his philosophical works, yet he was additionally an incredible military pioneer. In Rome on April 26, 121, Marcus was brought up in a rich and politically significant family. Ruler Hadrian saw him while he was as yet a youngster and was along these lines given extraordinary instructive benefits. At six years old Marcus was selected the Equestrians and the following year he was allowed uncommon to go to the consecrated school of the Salii in Rome. At Salii Marcus was educated by the best scholars of his time, speaking to a huge choice of societies. From the outset Marcus still kept on getting help from heads, yet later help would come as his improvement in political force. Marcus was then received by Antoninus Pius, the picked replacement of the seat, and was given the political situations under him. Marcus wedded the little girl of Pius, Annia Galaria Faustinaz, to additionally reinforce his arrangement as the replacement. Until Pius kicked the bucket Marcus would proceed to assume a significant job in government under his dad in-law. On March 7, 161, Marcus was delegated ruler thus started a rule portrayed by war, fiasco, and scholarly idea. There were three incredible outside clashes which denoted his standard, and Marcus managed every one of them productively. He managed an extraordinary plague that cleared the entire domain, won a triumph for the realm in 163 against the Parthians when they had attacked Armenia, and he effectively pushed savages off Roman soil in the Marcomannic Wars. Because of the broad military crusading being constrained upon the domain, inward probl... <!

Solutions to Problems with the No Child Left Behind Act :: Teaching Education Essays Schools

The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) manages understudy accomplishment guidelines by considering schools responsible for the accomplishment of their understudies (Implementation 11). The NCLBA utilizes state administered tests to graph the accomplishment of understudies. On the off chance that understudies are not fulfilling guidelines, the school is required to offer mentoring, which is subsidized by the state with Title I, the training command went in which conceded every single government funded school access to bureaucratic awards, cash (No Subject 7). The Act itself isn't the issue; the issue is that the Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) standard which is a major piece of the NCLBA isn't being met. The AYP standard isn't being met in light of the fact that schools are not changing their strategies rapidly enough. It was said in the NCLBA that schools across the country were to have 100% capability of the AYP standard inside 12 years (Implementation 9). Since the death of the NCLBA in 2001, most government funded schools, across the nation have not improved by any stretch of the imagination. Arrangements There are various ways that this issue can be tackled. To begin, educators could must have higher certifications, therefore giving them a superior comprehension of the branches of knowledge where they instruct, and giving the understudies more and better sources (Facts). At this moment educators are just required to have a bachelor’s qualification and be affirmed to instruct, have an educating authentication. Likewise, schools could require a base measure of reading every week for every understudy (Implementation 8). Starting at now, the main schools that require a specific measure of study time are tuition based schools. In each class, there is booked time every day/week put in a safe spot for contemplating. Fundamentally, it is an investigation corridor. A ton of schools have study lobbies previously set up, in any case, for instance, Aransas Pass High School is one of the numerous schools the country over which don't uphold concentrating during that time (Crenshaw). There is one self-evident, yet incredibly imperfect answer for this issue. Schools need to change their educational plans and begin concentrating more on the <a href=http://www.

Police Violence at Tuition Fees Protests

Police Violence at Tuition Fees Protests The OE Blog Whilst the vote in the House of Lords in favour of the coalition government’s plans to raise tuition fees in England to £9000 marks the end of the first stage of the battle over higher education, the debate rages on over police and student behaviour at the tuition fee protests. The Metropolitan Police and other figures of authority including London Mayor Boris Johnson and Prime Minister David Cameron have been quick to quash suggestions of police heavy-handedness, claiming that “a significant number” of student protesters were “intent on violence” and praising the “professionalism and selflessness” of officers in controlling the crowds. Given the photographic and video evidence of protesters forming huge crowds, the images of the attack on the Prince of Wales’s convoy and police reports of missiles such as snooker balls and bottles of urine being thrown, it is difficult not to be sympathetic with police handling of the crisis. However there are a great number of rather prickly problems with the idea of writing off the protesters as a mob of thuggish, violent students, intent on rioting and fully deserving of the treatment they received. For a start, there are the cases of 44 student protesters who were hospitalised during the protests, and the compelling tale of 20-year old student Alfie Meadows, who suffered bleeding to the brain and underwent serious surgery following a huge blow to the head from a police truncheon. Alfie attended the protest peacefully, accompanied by two respected professors, colleagues of his mother, who is a lecturer at Roehampton University. It is rather difficult to imagine in such company that as he tried to leave the area with his companions to join his mother nearby there was adequate cause to suspect him of violent intent urgent enough to require a heavy and immediate police attack. Then there is the case of disabled protester Jody McIntyre, who was physically tipped out of his wheelchair and dragged across the street by police. McIntyre, who pointed out that “there is no way you can classify me as a physical threat”, described the behaviour of the police as “out of control”. When you add to this a sheer multitude of eyewitness accounts from students who describe the experience of ‘kettling’ and police brutality as “absolutely terrifying” and the hundreds who claim that they were unnecessarily and indiscriminately struck as they cringed in the crowd with their hands raised in a gesture of surrender, the picture becomes still less clear. As videos emerged of enormous police horses charging relentlessly and directly into crowds of students to ‘clear’ and ‘move’ the protesters, questions begin to be raised about just how carefully police were considering student safety, with one student reporting that she knows of two friends whose bones were broken as a result of the charges. The Independent Police Complaints Commission has received four separate official complaints about the police violence at the protests and an internal investigation is underway. It is difficult not to question the heavy-handedness of the police when you realise that of the hundreds of thousands of students who have protested against the government plans to raise tuition fees, a tiny percentage have been arrested or accused of involvement in violence and rioting. Is it justified to charge indiscriminately at a crowd of young people with enormous horses and batons, striking them from above as they cringe down with nowhere to go, pressed forward by the crowd, when the vast majority of those likely to fall in your line of fire are breaking no laws? Is it justified to ‘kettle’ and ‘contain’ thousands of innocent people within minutes of their arrival at a protest merely on the suspicion of the possibility that some amongst them may incite violence, and to strike and injure them if they choose to try to return home? And perhaps most pertinently of all, would such police behaviour be tolerated and supported by the government to such an extent if those being targeted were not students? It seems to me that the broad classification of students as ‘thugs’ and ‘troublemakers’ simply because they are generally young people has been used as a blatant excuse by the government, the police and the media to defend and allow the use of unnecessary and inexcusable violence at the tuition fee protests. The problem is not that the police were allowed to use violence to defend themselves against those committing criminal acts and acting violently themselves. It is that they reacted to this very small minority with retaliatory measures of violence indiscriminately aimed at all the student protesters, innocent or not. At no other protest would this attitude of ‘group guilt’ have been acceptable. What seems extremely pertinent is the fact that of the images released by the police of suspects being sought on accusations of violence during the protests, not one looks of university undergraduate age, suggesting that these were indeed rioters and trouble makers taking advantage of the protests and unaffiliated with the students, yet the vast majority of the protesters were university or college students or younger, as were most of those injured and admitted to hospital during the proceedings. One thoughtful recent Cambridge graduate we interviewed described his experience of being herded and ‘kettled’ immediately on arrival at the tuition fees protest: “Once my group arrived in Parliament Square, we were driven into the south-west corner by horsemen. At that stage both the SW and NW corners were blocked off…it felt as if we had been led down a cul de sac”. He went on to question police assumption of student disorder even when protests are peaceful, asking; “If you charge protestors as soon as they arrive at Parliament, if you kettle people right from the get-go, and then feed them misinformation about where they can leave, why are you surprised at how they manifest their frustration?” Having experienced first-hand the terror of being thrust and pushed around as part of a crowd and targeted by charging horses simply for the crime of standing as a member of a protest, he urged the importance of discriminating between different types of violence that may emerge as a result of such heavy-handling. He argues that it is essential to differentiate between “people reacting violently to police brutality; people taking to vandalism after being locked in Parliament Square in the cold for six hours; people taking to violence because they don’t feel they can be listened to in any other way; and the very few people who came specifically to be gratuitously violent.” Whilst of course we do not condone violence in any shape or form, this student raises some extremely pertinent questions about the handling of this affair, from the government down to the police. The police themselves admit that a great number of those who were arrested or cautioned had completely clean records and no history of trouble, strongly supporting our witness’s claim that many of these scuffles arose due to sheer frustration at being treated like criminals, at unprovoked and premeditated police violence towards them and at the utter lack of response or acknowledgement from the government. Cameron has been swift to condemn and write off students and protesters as a whole for their violent behaviour, but he does not seem to have considered the possibility that his own complete refusal to engage or acknowledge the protesters ideologically may have been an important factor in the outbreak of desperate frustration to make their voices heard.

The Negative Effects Of Social Media - 1648 Words

I’ve learned that everything that glitters ain’t gold. In my middle school days I’ve experienced the negative effects of social media, Now when I say social media, I’m referring to Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat. By me being very active on social media I’ve been taunted, teased, threatened and harassed along with having low- self esteem and some suicidal thoughts . According to a recent study in the JAMA pediatrics, 23% of teens report they are or have been the target of cyberbullying . â€Å"A National survey of over 10,000 adolescents showed that 1 in 3 teens met criteria for an anxiety disorder. Severe anxiety, including panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and phobias, afflicts 8.3% of all teens. 5% to 8% of U.S. teens attempt suicide yearly. According to a new study from the Pew Research Center, it states that 92% of teens use their smartphones to access social media daily while 24% say the y access it almost constantly†. Even though some people believe social media opens up a large network, social media do have an negative effect on teens because it is one of the main reasons for Poor Academic Performance, It causes teens to have Emotional Implications and Limiting time spent on social media can reduce the chance of being Cyberbullied. One reason social media is a negative effect on teens because it causes poor academic performance. Due to teens being occupied by social media, students have dropped out of school,Show MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Social Media1117 Words   |  5 PagesNegative impact of social media to the society. Addictiveness. Right off the bat, Teens are exceptionally subject to their gadgets in light of the fact that separated from schoolwork they are experts at spending the small hours of the night stuck to any electronic gadgets sharing, tuning in to music and different things youngsters are occupied with. Addiction usually refers to compulsive behavior that leads to negative effects. In most addictions, people feel compelled to do certain activities atRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Social Media1509 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing millennials, social media is as natural to the people of today as breathing or drinking water. Social media is a â€Å"series of websites and applications that have been designed to allow people to share content and communicate with each other quickly and efficiently† (â€Å"What is Social Media, 2017). A few people have a more confined perspective of social media likening it to mean the same as interacting on sites like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and others. The p ower of social media is such that, theRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1350 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society, social media is an important tool that many people use daily for various purposes. On social media, people share their opinions, events in their lives, and news. They also use social media as a tool for entertainment and as a way of keeping in touch with their friends. Because of its various uses, the use of social media increased very significantly over the years and it is no surprise that many scholars from different disciplines took an interest in the use of social media. These scholarsRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1517 Words   |  7 Pages What is Social Media? As stated on Dictionary.com, social media is â€Å"websites and other online means of communication that are used by large groups of people to share information and to develop social and professional contacts†. There are a huge variety of social media sites such as, Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, Instagram, and YouTube. As our technology gets more and more advanced and new devices come out, social media itself is growing as well. Because of the growth of social media, our lives areRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Social Media1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe Negative Effects of Social Media Introduction 1. Attention Getter: a. What is the first thing most people do in the morning? i. Brush teeth? ii. Go to the bathroom? iii. Feed your dog? iv. The correct answer is actually checking your phone. 1. According to a recent study by IDC Research, 80% of smartphone users check their phones within 15 minutes of waking up each morning. b. What on your phone is so important? i. Social media c. Social Media i. According to Dictionary.com, social media is consideredRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1297 Words   |  6 PagesIn the twenty-first century, social media plays an extensive part in most people’s lives. Instagram, Twitter, and many other social networks can cause adverse psychological harm and even lead to physical harm. Although many may argue that social media pertains to be useful, there prove to be more harmful aspects rather than helpful aspects of these media sites. These effects are not only psychological, but they may also be physical. Not only do social networks cause depression, anxiety, and cyberbullyingRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1716 Words   |  7 PagesTwitter, Instagram, and many other social media sites, these changed the way that we communicate with one another. Social platforms allow people to share events of their own lives, through posting photos, leaving comments, updating their status, and many others. For example, â€Å"As of today, there are a little over 322 million people that live in the United States, 64% of whom own a smartphone. This means that approximately 206 million people have access to social media, anywhere at any time. FurthermoreRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1743 Words   |  7 Pagesthese people are on their social media accounts. According to Brooke Lusk, the database and media manager for the Prevention Researcher, social media can be defined as, â€Å"an aspect of the internet which allows individuals and groups to create and publish online content, share the content, and interact about it.† These days, people are very involved with the internet and social media. Some think this is a benefit while others think this is a detriment for many reasons. Social media allows people to stayRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1064 Words   |  5 PagesA Negative Collage of Social Media Today in everyday life we all have some sort of device. We all possess access to social media in some way, shape or form. Social media plays a huge part of everyone’s life. We constantly look at our phones on every beep. We read every post on Facebook. We never thought how that affects the youth and with them following us, who knows what they might find on the World Wide Web. Social media in the hands of the youth can have devastating effects, even adultsRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Social Media770 Words   |  4 Pagesand more advanced, and as this virus is growing every day, more and more people are getting infected. There are numerous social media sites that are considered the â€Å"virus† such as Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, Facebook, and so on. This is what turns people into zombies. These websites may seem harmless, but can be very unhealthy for mental, physical, and social health. Social media can affect people’s brains. Every time anyone is on it, it starts eating at their brain, infecting them with the virus

Changing the Tradition The Influence of Colonization on...

Changing the Tradition: The Influence of Colonization on Umuofia In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe exercises the importance of traditions in an Ibo village of Nigeria. Africa is very well known for their long history, dating back to two million years ago, and their ancient ethnic customs have lived on since (â€Å"African History†). Unlike families from a rich white society, African families are usually required to live the traditions that have been survived through many generations, even if they are frowned upon in other parts of the world. However, the colonialists’ arrival in the late 19th century to Umuofia influences African characters of the novel to disobey these gender, religious, and cultural customs. Women were not really†¦show more content†¦Enoch, the most extreme catechumen of Umuofia, takes on Reverend Smith’s dare to â€Å"unmask an egwugwu in public† during â€Å"the annual worship of the earth goddess† (186). This sinful action is the equivalent to â€Å"[killing] an ancestral spirit,† so when he accomplishes this rebellious action, member of the Ibo society felt as if a family member was killed (186). As seen here, the contradiction of the African man disobeying his ancestor’s beliefs creates tension between the indigenous and colonial governing systems; as a result of this absurdity, â€Å"Umuofia was thrown into confusion† (186). Although Mr. Brown cautioned Enoch to keep a good balance between his ancestor’s traditions and Christianity, Reverend Smith influences Enoch to be a fanatic of his new religion. Therefore, Enoch’s fondness of Christianity makes him lose control of himself and lose the understanding of where he belongs, and therefore, he listens to whatever the Reverend says. If it were not for the colonialist’s influence, the extreme tension between the Ibos and whites would not have existed. As many Umuofians are starting to shun the traditions , Okonkwo hopes that he can continue believing in Ibo culture’s ancient customs; however, the colonialists also influence him to act differently. Okonkwo has always been known to be â€Å"[impatient] with unsuccessful men† because his father was a humiliation (4). In Achebe’s writing, the readers can tell how Okonkwo wants to be everything his father wasShow MoreRelatedEuropean Influence in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1147 Words   |  5 PagesThings Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, presents the result of colonization of the Ibo people by the European missionaries. The Ibo culture is threatened to change by the European influence. Villagers are divided between resisting a new lifestyle or embracing it for better opportunities in society. The struggle to keep Ibo traditions alive is reflected in Okonkwo and Obierika’s relationship to one another. Okonkwo represents the resistance of change by keeping traditional values in high regard whileRead MoreIn T hings Fall Apart935 Words   |  4 Pageswrestler, a fierce warrior, and a successful farmer of yams in Umuofia. Shortly after Ikemefuna’s death, Okonkwo accidentally killed someone in a funeral ceremony. He and his family were sent into exile for seven years. Nevertheless, when he returned to Umuofia, he found himself unable to adapt to changing time as the white men came to live among the village. Okonkwo realized that he was no longer able to function within his changing society. Consequently, he committed suicide by hanging himselfRead MoreA Study on the Author, Chinua Achebe 1467 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment’s college in umuahia and the same time at Ibadan University where he begin to study medicine. He didn’t continue because during his exploration, he became interested in Nigeria history and religious studies. He was not dilatory in changing his major from medicine to a major in the field of liberal arts. While navigating his major, â€Å"he discovered the discrepancies between his knowledge of Nigeria and the perceptions of Africa depicted in popular British colonial novels such asRead MoreNegative Effects Of Colonization Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesthere have been many instances of colonization. Colonization is defined as â€Å"The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area† (Oxford Dictionary Online). In many cases, this has been extremely detrimental to cultures of other civilizations. Culture is â€Å"the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group† (Merriam Webster Online). The overly ambitious use of colonization has not only stripped people ofRead MoreImperialism In The 19Th Century Resulted In European Countries1726 Words   |  7 Pagesproperly assess imperialism’s effect on the modern world, it is consequently important to recognize the historical facts behind imperialism. Imperialism is when a country completely controls every aspect of another country through colonization and spheres of influence. Nicknamed â€Å" the Scramble for Africa†, this occurred in the 19th century after industrialization swept across Europe. European countries acquired a big thirst for natural resources, only to be quenched by Africa’s abundance of raw materialsRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Roman Empire. In Europe there has never been another empire to rise above and assume control over the Roman Empire. However, imperialism in Africa remained a recorded element from 1750 to 1945. This paper visits how control and changes were influences over the Africans during this time period as seen through Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart. (UKEssays, 2015) Europe was experiencing a few financial and political changes that forced the major European forces to investigate abroad regions

Legal Research Free Essays

Samaritan Smith slipped and fell on shampoo that had spilled In the health and beauty department of the grocery store in question. Ms. Smith had suffered a broken hip from the incident and is going to be spending the next few months in physical therapy. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ms. Smith has no health insurance and is a single mother of a 2 year old boy. After our complaints were filed In the courts; the grocery store alleges that Ms. Smith had a duty herself to avoid the spillage, but was too distracted by her young son to notice. The store feels that Ms. Smith should be held just as responsible as hey are in the case. The question being presented today, Is If both parties Involved are equally responsible? Ms. Smith does in fact possibly hold some sort of comparative fault in this case. The grocery store did complete their scheduled aisle check Just thirty minutes before Ms. Smith slipped. INDO. Code Ann. 534-51-2-5 (WEST 1998) states that â€Å"In an action based on fault, any contributory fault chargeable to the claimant diminishes proportionately the amount awarded as compensatory damages for an injury attributable to the claimants contributory fault, but does not bar recovery†. There are several factors in that can place Ms. Smith with comparative fault. The biggest fact being that she was not paying attention, because she was dealing with her 2 year old son. It does not seem that the store is not at all responsible for the injuries she sustained. Yes, the aisle check was done at the scheduled time, but it was checked by an older gentleman that wore prescription glasses. As in Wall-Mart v. Wright, 774 EN ad 891 (2002) where Wright was found at comparative fault and awarded 30% less In damages, this too could be the case with Ms. Grants Ms. Smith states negligence on the grocery stores behalf, but she too had a duty to pay attention to her surroundings. The grocery store in question has documented proof of an aisle check being done at 1 p. M. The shampoo could have spilled anytime between 1:00 and 1:30 p. M. In conclusion Ms. Smith could very well hold some comparative fault if the grocery store can prove that she was distracted enough by her child, that she was unable to notice the spillage. [Where are the headings in your memo? I have no idea where your memo components are. ] Wall-Mart stores Inc. V. Got, 774 EN ad 891 (2002) Wright originally sued Wall-Mart for Injuries she sustained when she slipped and fell on a puddle of water in the â€Å"Outdoor Lawn and Garden Corral†. Wright insisted Wall-Mart was negligent in the maintenance and inspections of the premises. Wright was found at comparative fault for not doing her duty as an Individual and shopper and paying attention In an area of the store where it was common for water to be on the ground. Description Weighting Possible Points Points Earned Content Student located a statute from the appropriate Jurisdiction. The statute that the dent located is on the appropriate issue and applied to the fact situation. Student provided proper citation of statutes. Student located a case from the appropriate Jurisdiction that interprets the statute. 32 Sentence Mastery Sentences are consistently grammatical. Major sentence-level errors, including fragments, run-eons, and comma splices, are avoided. Sentences are graceful, I. E. , they can be read aloud without awkwardness, awkward pauses, or running out of breath. Language is rich, precise, and vivid. 6 Grammar and Mechanics Spelling is proficient. Spellchecker has been used to avoid egregious errors. Grammar and mechanics are sound, including mastery of the following key elements: subject-verb agreement; verb form; appropriate punctuation and capitalization; apostrophe use; appropriate word use. There are no extra words, and there are not missing words. Organization and Format Organization and structure are clear and easy to follow. Writing shows clear purpose and orderly transitions from beginning to end. Sentences consistently establish this organization and flow rather than interrupt it. Format meets PAPA guidelines and Bluebook rules as appropriate, including use of title pages. There is no playful experimentation with fancy fonts. It is written for the appropriate audience. Citation Style Writing shows both internal citations in the body of the text as well as a proper list of references at the end of the paper, following PAPA or Bluebook format. Citations appear consistently where needed, whether following quoted or paraphrased material in the text. Note: In papers requiring secondary sources, failure to provide any citation does not result in a deduction of 10% from the paper, but will result in a failed paper and a plagiarism investigation. Total: 100% 60] Possible Points [50] Points Earned Additional Instructor Comments: FRIAR for Samaritan Smith scenario Facts [Your own paraphrase of the facts of Smith’s problem in one or two paragraphs. This goes to the Analysis section, so do not skimp. ] Issue [Your own statement of Smith’s problem in a single sentence in yes or no format. For example, â€Å"Can Samaritan Smith recover for the damages she endured as the result of a slip and fall at a local grocery store where shampoo had leaked upon the floor? â€Å"] Rule The citations and holdings from the two cases you located (one in Unit Three and one How to cite Legal Research, Essays

Entrepreneurial Process free essay sample

Phases of the Entrepreneurial Process The entrepreneurial process involves all aspects of the company being created. The four phases are; evaluating the opportunity to create the business, organizing a business plan, resource availability, and preparing a management team to implement procedures. The beginning phase of the process has many levels of creation. The data collection process is important to the Entrepreneur because, this will give a foundation for an idea. There will be many comparisons to the market for opportunity, risks, and competiveness. The risks of return on the investment in starting a new business are important. The business needs to be built with longevity in mind. What are the consumers buying? What are the personal goals of the entrepreneur? What type of skills is necessary for the business? These are just a few questions that need to be answered before moving forward. The business plan is the next step in this process. We will write a custom essay sample on Entrepreneurial Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is a business plan? A business plan is a detailed description of a business. Most business plan descriptions answer the following questions; describe the business, products and services to be offered, and the location of the business. Generally, this should explain the legalities including forms and permits needed for the business. For example, merchandizing, manufacturing, or any other service that is being provided. What is your product? What is your service? What type of growth opportunities will the business have? When are the hours of operation? What other data has been collected to learn about the creation of this business venture? Are the products or services going to be in demand? Here are just a few questions that we could ask and that need to be discussed. The benefits of the goods and services then need to be described from a consumer prospective. The loyalties of consumers are important to the business plan because, this will give the owners an idea of keeping customer satisfaction high. The location of the business can also play an important role in the failure or success of the business. The business location needs to be accessible for consumers. The safety and security of the owners, employees, and customers need to be addressed as well. Marketing plan for a business is a vital part in the business plan. One key element in this plan knows your consumers likes and dislikes. The fulfillment of the consumers needs will determine success. The target market, pricing strategy, who are the customers, and promoting the products or services will have to be devised. Financial data will all supporting documents need to be included in the business plan. The loan application, capital equipment, balance sheets, licenses, letters of intent from suppliers, personal financial statements, tax returns, projections for profits/loss statements, and all other supporting data should be readily available to the investors. There are other sections of the business plan including production, organization, operational, summary, and the appendixes. The next phase is determining the resources that are required. The above information presented touches on this subject. The access to the business needs to be convenient and safe for consumers. The raw materials need to be accessible. Are there local incentives for the business? Would it be more beneficial for the business to buy or rent? Finally, managing the enterprise is the final phase of the entrepreneurial process. Management needs to be aware of all the key variables for success; identify any problems or potential ones the business will encounter, develop a strategy for growth within the business, and implement any control system necessary for a successful business.

Beethoven Paper, about his life and works. free essay sample

Ludwig von Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven Is a name that Is common to most people and Is synonymic with great classical music. He is known, quite loosely, as the German composer who created beautiful pieces with an incredible disability. Despite an unhappy family setting and the deafness that struck soon after, the man appeared to rise from his misfortunes and follow his passion. Mr. . Beethoven created some of the most wonderful music and is considered one of the greatest musicians of all time.Ludwig, at a very young age, began his career as a marvelous piano player and composer of llano music. Beethoven continued his work expanding to string quartets and other kinds of chamber music, songs, two masses, an opera, and nine symphonies. The German musical genius made amazing new strides at the end of the Classical era and paved the way for the up and coming Romantic style. Ludwig van Beethovens work can best be summed up by the words of Joseph Masochism and Kristin Fernery. We will write a custom essay sample on Beethoven Paper, about his life and works. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Beethoven belonged to the generation that felt the full impact of the French Revolution. He created the music of a heroic age and, In sounds never to be forgotten, proclaimed a faith In the power of people to shape their own setlines. (Masochism 231) Beethoven was born in Bonn Germany on 17 December 1770. At a very young age he lived in the attic of an apartment raised by his mother, alcoholic father and two younger brothers. His life began with not only the unhappiness that follows an alcoholic parent, but was forced Into following the footsteps of his father and grandfather. Both were well established, and quite good, singers at the court of the local prince Max Frederica. Masochism 232) Young Ludwig admired his more talented grandfather, but grew ill of his fathers menacing lessons. The boy began his music lessons with the piano at the age of only four. Beethovens Bonn friend, Franz Gerhard Wiggler, recalled watching the doings and sufferings of our Louis from the window of a friends house. The stout, stocky little boy with unruly black hair and expressive grayish eyes would stand on a stool so that his fingers could reach the piano and would thus go through the exercises his father had given him, sometimes crying in the process. (Schwarzenegger ) Apparently, the goal that Beethovens father wanted to accomplish was to train his son to be the next Mozart, or Wunderkind (Wonder Child). Beethovens passion for music was not extinguished by his fathers behavior. Even throughout his boyhood schooling the young Ludwig slacked In his liberal arts studies, but was always enthusiastic for musical lessons. He carried on with his fathers musical instruction until the age of eight. At which time, his father planned for him to begin lessons with an old Court organist, the Fleming van den Eden. Schwarzenegger) After this point Beethoven began to study with a plethora of mentors, who ranged from friends of the family to other family members themselves. Rout under the composer Christian Gotten Neff. Throughout the sasss the young Beethoven studied under Neff who used Johann Sebastian Bach as a cornerstone of instruction. From this time period spanning to the 1802 is labeled as Ludwig early period of composition. (Incarnate Online) ere time period labeled as the early works of Beethoven was quite dynamic.During this time frame Beethoven achieved great musical works, but also suffered severe losses. One of the most impacting years on the artist was 1787. The year began with wonderful gift. Beethoven was able to perform for his idol ,Mozart, in Vienna. Unfortunately, his spirits didnt remain too high as his loving mother died several months later. Beethoven continued his compositions and studies in Bonn through 1792. By the age of 22 the prodigy had composed numerous songs: three piano sonatas, piano variations, chamber music for various ensembles, several concertos, and the cantatas. (Stanley 8) In 1792 Beethoven made his final Journey to Vienna to study with Austrian composer Joseph Haydn. Unknown to Beethoven at that time, he Nas to live out his life in Vienna. Hailed as a genius and a master of improvisation at he piano, Beethoven soon made a name for himself, and by 1794 was known throughout Europe. He faithfully learned the Classical Viennese styles and traditions in music, and then proceeded throughout his career to completely revolutionize them. His earliest compositions reflect the classical restraint of Haydn and Mozart. (Sherman) At this point, Beethoven was surrounded by a vast number of Unhealthy and influential people. Funny enough, Ludwig van Beethoven was aided by the van in his name. Many people of the aristocratic society mistook the van to represent nobility (as with the German Von). Harrison) In 1795 Beethoven was pleased with his brothers decision to take up residency in Vienna. Also in this year, Beethoven began to play in public concerts. This concert Nas organized by his mentor Haydn. His music selections included Mozart, Haydn, as Nell as his own. Amazingly, Ludwig was not keen on performing publicly.As a matter of fact, Beethoven only gave one more public appearance in the early period and declined numerous other offers to share with the audience his musical skills. It has been postulated that the composer may have already suffered minor hearing loss, as Nell as having an overly suspicious personality that caused him to hide from the public eye. (Stanley 17) Beethovens early composition years ended in the start of the sasss. The time period that ranged from the young prodigies early lessons with his father through his studies with great composers, such as Neff and Haydn, resulted in very fruitful years. The combination of forceful, dramatic power with dreamy introspection in Beethovens music had made a strong impression in Viennese aristocratic circles and helped win him generous patrons. Yet Just as his success seemed assured, he was confronted with the loss of that sense on which he so depended, his hearing. (Incarnate Online) ere next ten years would later be described by historians as the Middle Period of Beethovens compositional years. This period, is described as introducing the contrasts, explosive accents, and longer movements. (Masochism 233) Now, having assimilated the Classical style, Beethoven forges his own more dramatic and monumental one, while concentrating more on the symphony and concerto, and large scale choral and dramatic works. (Stanley 4) The work that begins the start of he mid dle period (in 1803) is the Symphony number 3, Rejoice. The following symphonies up to and including number 8, which was finished in 1812, all belong to the middle period. This era also includes: the Piano Concerto number 4 and 5, the Violin Concerto, the Razorbacks quartets, as well as more chamber works and piano sonatas (to include the Wieldiest and the Passionate). Stanley 10-11) As mentioned above, the year 1802 ended with a crisis for Beethoven. With the realization that his hearing was ever so worsening and the acceptance that his most alluded instrument, his ears, would eventually fail him completely; Beethoven plotted rustic measures. The autumn of 1802, at a village outside Vienna he wrote a will-like document coined the Hellishnesss testament. In this letter, addressed to his two brothers, he describing his bitter unhappiness over his hearing loss in terms that suggested he wished death. This death would be from his own hands. Harrison). He described in this letter how he was torn between the destructive forces of his soul and his desire to live and create: But little more and I would have put an end to my life. Only art Withheld me. Ah, it seems impossible to leave the world until I have reduced all that I felt called upon to produce, and so I endured this wretched existence. (Masochism 232) As it turns out, the letter was never sent to his family and Nas only discovered after his death. Fortunately, Ludwig passion for music swayed his inner turmoil into choosing life over suicide.Falling into the Middle Period is a piece of work entitled the Symphony number 5. Irish dramatic piece is perhaps the best known of all symphonies. Symphony number 5 in C minor pop. 67 from 1808 is the most thematically concentrated of Beethovens works. Variants of the four-note motif that begins this symphony drive all our movements. The dramatic turning point in the symphonywhere a sense of foreboding, struggle, or mystery yields to a triumphant breakthroughcomes at the transition to the final movement, where the music is reinforced by the entrance of the trombones.Beethoven uses here a large-scale polarity between the darker sound of C minor and the brighter, more radiant effect of C major, which is held largely in reserve until the finale. (Incarnate Online) ere Late period began in 1812, followed by several years in which Ludwig is struck Ninth the preoccupation of multiple personal issues. The first of which became evident with a discovered love poem letter. Antonio Aberrant appears to be the intended receiver of Beethovens famous letter. The letter dates from July 1812 and apparently marks the collapse of Beethovens hopes to seek happiness through marriage.As like many of his love affairs it turned up becoming a failed attempt. It Nas proven time-and-again that Beethoven fell in love with many aristocratic women, but always suffered rejection. Following this last blow, Beethovens work declined unproductive. (Sadie) 181 5 saw the death of Beethovens beloved brother. But the tragedy did not end there. Another burden that the artist was burdened with was his nephew Karl, the son of his deceased brother. For five years Beethoven was plagued with legal disputes against Karts mother for sole custody of the boy.Even after Ludwig won custody over his nephew, Karl continuously provided anxiety to Beethoven from then on. One of which was Karts failed suicide attempt of July 1826. About 1813 there is a marked slowing in Beethovens output of major works, and for the next 6 years or so, he produced mainly smaller pieces, songs and song arrangements. There are many seasons for this; his deafness by now was quite advanced (he had ceased giving public performances as a pianist) and this isolation was producing an inner transformation (spiritually).He was also taking more time over his works, with major compositions taking sometimes many years to perfect. (Harrison) Though the Late Period proved to be a slower period for Beethoven, he still produced many wonderful pieces. His works include the last 6 Piano sonatas, Symphony no. 9 Choral, last 5 String quartets, and the Miss Solemn. This time period also included the production of his only opera Fiddled. During these final ears Beethoven used more chromatic harmonies and developed a skeletal language from which all nonessential were rigidly pared away.

Free Essays on Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily activities. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among older people. It involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. Every day scientists learn more, but right now the causes of AD are still unknown, and there is no cure. Scientists think that up to 4 million Americans suffer from AD. The disease usually begins after age 60, and risk goes up with age. While younger people also may get AD, it is much less common. About 3 percent of men and women ages 65 to 74 have AD, and nearly half of those age 85 and older may have the disease. It is important to note, however, that AD is not a normal part of aging. AD is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German doctor. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of an unusual mental illness. He found abnormal clumps, now called amyloid plaques, and tangled bundles of fibers now called neurofibrillary tangles. Today, these plaques and tangles in the brain are considered hallmarks of AD. Scientists also have found other brain changes in people with AD. There is a loss of nerve cells in areas of the brain that are vital to memory and other mental abilities. There also are lower levels of chemicals in the brain that carry complex messages back and forth between nerve cells. AD may disrupt normal thinking and memory by blocking these messages between brain cells. There probably is not one single cause of Alzheimer’s, but several factors that affect each person differently. Age is the most important known risk factor for AD. The number of people with the disease doubles every 5 years beyond age 65. Family history is another risk factor. Scientists believe that genetics may play a role in many AD cases. For example, familial AD, a rare form of AD that usually occurs between the ages of 30... Free Essays on Alzheimer' Disease Free Essays on Alzheimer' Disease Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily activities. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among older people. It involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. Every day scientists learn more, but right now the causes of AD are still unknown, and there is no cure. Scientists think that up to 4 million Americans suffer from AD. The disease usually begins after age 60, and risk goes up with age. While younger people also may get AD, it is much less common. About 3 percent of men and women ages 65 to 74 have AD, and nearly half of those age 85 and older may have the disease. It is important to note, however, that AD is not a normal part of aging. AD is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German doctor. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of an unusual mental illness. He found abnormal clumps, now called amyloid plaques, and tangled bundles of fibers now called neurofibrillary tangles. Today, these plaques and tangles in the brain are considered hallmarks of AD. Scientists also have found other brain changes in people with AD. There is a loss of nerve cells in areas of the brain that are vital to memory and other mental abilities. There also are lower levels of chemicals in the brain that carry complex messages back and forth between nerve cells. AD may disrupt normal thinking and memory by blocking these messages between brain cells. There probably is not one single cause of Alzheimer’s, but several factors that affect each person differently. Age is the most important known risk factor for AD. The number of people with the disease doubles every 5 years beyond age 65. Family history is another risk factor. Scientists believe that genetics may play a role in many AD cases. For example, familial AD, a rare form of AD that usually occurs between the ages of 30...

Capacity and Legality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capacity and Legality - Assignment Example The law states that there are three classes of persons that may not have the mental capability or adequately developed minds to convene. They include the minors or infants, people suffering from mind defects or illnesses that are cruel enough to negate their mental ability, and individuals under the influence of alcohol whose intoxication is harsh enough to wipe out their mental capability. When a contracting person is impaired by mental defects to a level that he is formally adjudicated; then the contract is void and disaffirmed. In the case of Della and Perry, they can disaffirm the contract because they are highly intoxicated thus not in the right capacity of mind to meet the agreement conditions. The agreement is void. 2. Jasmine can disaffirm the following items: the tickets to the concerts, the medication recommended by her dermatologist for acne, and the down payment for the care. This is because her age does not permit het to enter into a contract with anyone. She does not have the mind competency to understand the requirements for her to enter into agreement. Her mental capacity does not allow her to buy medicine for herself and also to enter in to the cinemas. 3. Keeping the car means that her mother will enter into the contract with the other party on behalf of Jasmine. To ratify t5he agreement, Jasmine’s mother has to sign it on behalf of her daughter. Jasmines mother will be liable for the car agreement in case Jasmine does not honor the monthly payment agreements. 5. Alex should argue that his agreement was non-complete and the time allocated did not allow him to have the competency to complete to think through the agreement comprehensively. In addition, the contract is unenforceable since it is illegal for the firm to infringe the rights and the privileges of others. They could not give him a job continuously, thus he deserves a new job. 6. An exculpatory clause is a section of an agreement that allows one party to liberate the other

Judicial Restraint and Judicial Activism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Judicial Restraint and Judicial Activism - Essay Example Below is another case of judicial activism, in which a school district had its policies overturned by the court. This should be considered to be activism, as the school district is not allowed by the court to pass policies for itself that would help remedy individual cases of discrimination. However, since this case cases involves reverse discrimination, this case would not be decried by the conservatives who typically decry judicial activism. A. Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District, 551 U.S. 701 (2007). Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District, 551 U.S. 701 (2007) is an equal protection case argued before the court in 2007. Chief Justice John Roberts delivered the opinion of the Court. This case dealt with two different school districts, the Seattle school district in Washington State and the Jefferson County school district in Louisville, Kentucky. Each school district used race as a way to assign students to their schools. The Se attle school district allowed ninth graders to choose the schools that they wanted to attend. If too many students wanted to attend a particular school, then that school used a series of tie-breakers to determine who would attend that school. One of the tie-breakers is the race of the student – in the Seattle school district, 41% of students overall are white, and 59% are non-white. If a particular school did not come within 10% of the 41/59 split – say a school was 60% white and 40% non-white – then race was used to fill the available slots at that particular school, so that it would be brought into balance. Seattle operates the school in this way to address the â€Å"racially identifiable housing patterns on school assignments.† Five different schools in the Seattle district used this method of assigning students to their schools, elevating racial characteristics above other merits. The Petitioner parents filed suit on behalf of their children who were denied a spot at the five schools because of their race. The Ninth Circuit Court of appeals decided in an en banc decision that this the school district presented a compelling state interest, achieving racial balance within schools, and that the school district's methods of achieving this racial balance was narrowly tailored, thus upholding the school district's method of apportioning students to these schools. Jefferson County Public Schools had a similar scheme. Their school district is composed of approximately 34 black students, and 66 percent white students. All non-magnet schools in the district were required to enroll a minimum 15 percent and maximum of 50 percent black students. If a certain school was not within this range, students would be denied a spot at that particular school based on that student's race. So, if a black student wanted to enroll in School A, and that school had already reached its 50 maximum of black students, that student would be denied a spot at that school. If a white student wanted to go to School B, and that school was less than 15% black, then that student would be denied a spot at that school. Petitioner Crystal Meredith sought to enroll her son at a school that was close to her house, but her son was denied a spot at that school because her son would have caused that school to be racially

Organic Solar Cells History, Principles and Efficiency

Organic Solar Cells History, Principles and Efficiency Solar Cells Solar cells are cells or devices use for converting sunlight into electric cur ­rent (electricity) or voltage. They are also called photovoltaic cells (PV) or devices and the process of generating electricity from sunlight is called pho ­toelectric effect. Solar Energy conversion through photovoltaic effect can be achieved with many materials at different lifetimes. Over the years many research and development have been conducted in the area of solar energy (thin film applications)[1]-[3]. But most of these developments have been in inorganic solar cells with conventional silicon base solar cells dominating in the production of solar energy in the commercial market [4]-[5]. Silicon base cells for thin film application have enormous advantages like good absorp ­tion rate of sunlight, suitable band gap for photovoltaic applications, longer lifetimes and improving efficiency. But the process of silicon base cells gen ­eration of voltage is tedious and above all very expensive fo r the commercial market. Research for alternatives to silicon has been ongoing for some time now with some other inorganic materials like Copper Indium Gallium Sele ­nium (Cu-In-Ga-Se)[6], Cadmium Sulfide (CdS)[7], Lead Cadmium Sulfide (PbCdS)[8], etc. But some have similar production problems like the silicon and as well expensive. Others also are of dangerous elements which are not environmentally friendly (CdS, PbCdS, etc). Another alternative to silicon base cells in terms of thin film (solar cells) research for photovoltaic applica ­tion could be organic solar cells (also known as plastic solar cells)[9]. With this, photocurrents are generated from organic materials. In this review, brief history of organic solar cells is discussed, the basic principle of operation is outlined and some performance in terms of the materials absorption rate, efficiency, stability and degradation and comparison between organic solar cells and inorganic solar cells (silicon) are also discussed. Chapter 2 Organic Solar cells (Plastic Solar cells) The infancy of organic solar cells began in the late 1950s [10]. At this time, photoconductivity in some organic semiconductor cells (anthracene, chlorophyll) were measured with voltage of 1 V by some research groups[11] ­[12].They proposed that if a single layer PV cell is illuminated consisting of an organic layer, sandwich cell with low work function metal (aluminum, Al) and a conducting glass of high work function (indium tin oxide, ITO), photoconductivity will be observed. With this interesting result and less cost effective of these organic semiconductor cells and also a possibility of doping these materials to achieve more encouraging results caught up with many researchers in this field. The work done since has been unprecedented as shown in figure 2.1 on the next page. In the 1960s, semiconducting properties were observed in dyes partic ­ularly in methylene blue [13]. Efficiency of 10−5 % in sunlight conversion was reported in the early 1970s to an improvement of 1 % in the early 1980s [14]. This was achieved through an interesting phenomenon known as heterojunction[15]. This phenomenon is a surface between semiconduct ­ing materials of dissimilar layers. Photovoltaic devices were applied with heterojunction where donor-acceptor organic cells were tailored together. In recent years, photoconductivity has been measured in dyes and the dye so ­lar cells have progressively been improved for laboratory cells[16]. Currently power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaics in single-junction devices is over 9 %[17] and that of multi-junction cell is over 12 %[18]. Some materials of organic solar cells are dyes and some polymers like origomers[19], dendrimers[20], liquid crystal materials[21] and self-assembled monolayers [22]. All these need to be prepared carefully to obtain optimum efficiency and stability[23] Figure 2.1: Number of publications is plotted against the year of publications. This shows the inception of organic solar cells and how much interest the field has generated among scientists and the commercial entities over the years. Years below 1990 saw less publication (1960 to 1970 -10 and 1980 to 1990  ­29) compared to the years in the figure. Principle of Operations. In recent time, organic solar cells are of different operations due to their usage. Similar to inorganic solar cells, organic solar cells can be used to convert sunlight into electricity with the aid of a semiconductor. The basic principle behind this operation is outline below: Most organic solar cells have very thin material layer either single or multi-layer where there is a strong absorption of light sandwich between two electrodes, an anode (A) and a cathode (C). The anode (usually indium tin oxide ITO) is transparent and has a high work function. The cathode (aluminum) is opaque and has a low work function. The material layer is usually a photosensitive organic semiconductor. When light of appropriate energy (sunlight) is incident on it, an electron is excited from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to a lower uncopied state called lowest uncopied molecular orbital (LUMO) leaving a hole in the HOMO. This leads to exciton formation. That is, there is a creation of an electron-hole pair which is strongly bounded together. As the electron stays at the LUMO, there is a loss in energy by the electron through thermal relaxation as the electron penetrates the energy band gap. The electron-hole pair diffuses in ­dependent of the electric field and are separated (exciton dissociation) at the interface between the donor state (HOMO) and the accepter state (LUMO). The electron is collected at one end of the electrode (cathode) and the hole at the other end of the electrode (anode) thereby generation photocurrent in the process. If the electron and the hole after separation do not reach the interface, their absorbed energies are dissipated out and no photocurrent is generated. Step by step principle is illustrated in pictorial form below: Figure 3.2: a) Light is incident on an electron (red). (b) Electron is excited from the HOMO to the LUMO creating a hole (black) at the HOMO. (c) Exciton formation of electronhole pair. (d) Diffusion of exciton independent of electric field. (e) Exciton dissociation. (f) Collection of charges. Chapter 4 Performance 4.1 Absorption of light. In organic solar cells, the thin organic semiconducting layer is responsible for light absorption. This layer has a valence band which is densed with electrons and a conduction band. These bands are separated by an energy gap. When the layer absorbs light, an excited state is created. This state is characterized by an energy gap. The energy gap is the energy difference between the higher energy state (LUMO) and the lower energy state (HOMO). It is usually of the range of (1.0 -4.0) eV[24] and it is determined as: Eg = ELUMO − EHOMO . (4.1) Where Eg is the energy gap in electron volts (eV), ELUMO is the energy at LUMO (higher energy state) and EHOMO is the energy at HOMO (lower energy state). The energy gap usually serves as an activation energy barrier. This acti ­vation energy barrier needs to be overcome before an electron is excited from the lower energy state to the higher energy state. The excited electron has energy greater than or equal to this activation energy barrier. This energy is determined as: h.c Ephoton = ≠¥ Eg . (4.2)ÃŽ »photon Where Ephoton is the energy of the incident photon (light), h is Plancks constant (6.626 Ãâ€"10−34 Js), c is speed of light (2.997 Ãâ€"108 ms−1) and ÃŽ »photon is wavelength of the photon (≈ (400 -700) nm). As the excited electron remains at the LUMO, a hole is created in the HOMO. The electron undergoes thermal relaxation as it remains at the LUMO and this result in loss of energy by the electron. This energy loss is compensated for as: El = Eelectron − Eg . (4.3) Where El is thermal energy loss of the electron, Eelectron is the energy of the electron at the LUMO and Eg is the energy gap. Figure 4.1: (a) Thin organic semiconductor layer (with both LUMO and HOMO) with energy gap (Eg). (b) Incident light of greater energy than the energy gap excites electron (red) from HOMO to LUMO. This creates a hole (black) at the HOMO (c) Energy lost by the electron through thermal relaxation. 4.2 Stability and Degradation In solar cell application, long operational lifetime performance is required. To achieve this, stability and degradation are few of the key important issues to look at in real-time application. Over the years, stability of organic solar cells has improved very much in terms of their power conversions[25]. This is clearly shown in the figure below: Ideally the advantages of organic solar cells with their low cost materi ­als, recyclable, easy production and production in large quantities, à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exibility and durability (low weight), stability should be optimum. These advantages somehow also affect the stability of the organic cells. The active layer (thin organic semiconducting layer) component which is a core component of the cells is sometimes prone to degradations. These degradations occur dur ­ing their production (printing in bulk quantities and rolling them together thereby introducing some mechanical properties which then affect the mor ­phology of the active layer) and also reactions from weathering (UV light, oxygen, water). Extensive work on photo stability of some organic solar cells (large number of polymers) has been investigated by Manceau et al[27]. Figure 4.2: Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) production with progression in years shown. The years below 2010 had lower production of OPVs (> 0.5 MW) [26]. Chapter 5 Comparism between organic solar cells and inorganic solar cells (Silicon base solar cells). Organic and inorganic solar cells serve similar applications but they interest ­ing differences in terms of how they are made. Organic solar cells are cheap in terms of materials, production and are recyclable, they have very thin solar cells with little energy in making them, they are à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible, durable and have low weight, they are colourful and they have easy production and can be produced in large areas. But they have low efficiency and lifetime compared to silicon base solar cells. Inorganic solar cells are cost effective in terms of materials, production and are not recyclable, much energy is need to have thin layer cells, they are rigid and not durable, they are of dark grey materials with dark blue to black coat ­ing, they have complicated production and are difficult to produce in large areas. But they have good light absorption rate, better efficiency and longer lifetime. Chapter 6 Conclusion Organic solar cells can be alternative to silicon base solar cells with its in ­teresting applications. They can be fabricated into our day to day usage materials and equipment with low cost technology in serving their purpose. Efficiency and stability still remains areas that should be addressed in the future to optimally have good power conversions.

NAPOLEON :: essays research papers

Napoleon 1 NAPOLEON â€Å"RABULIONE† Napoleon 2 Abstract Napoleon Bonaparte was and still is one of France’s most revered heroes. Though born a Corsican in 1769, he journeyed to France for schooling at the age of nine. After an interesting and quiet childhood Napoleon joined the French artillery at the age of sixteen. Through hard work, bravery, political connections and being born during a turbulent time, Napoleon rose to the rank of General. In 1799 he was elected France’s First Consul For Life, later he proclaimed himself France’s Emperor. Napoleon reformed much of European law and spread the idea of republicanism throughout much of Europe. His ideas continue to be incorporated into Switzerland’s law. Napoleon also reformed schools and strengthened Paris’ reputation as one of the cultural capitals of the world. Napoleon’s life was not without setbacks. In 1814 he was exiled to the island of Elba, by British Allies. He was also exiled to St. Helena after losing battles at Waterloo, Wavre, Ligny and Quatre Bras. He lived in confinement surrounded by British Guards until he died on May 5, 1821. Napoleon 3 Napoleon†¦ â€Å"Rabulione† Napoleone di Bounaparte, who was also known as the â€Å"little Corsican†, was born to Carlo Maria and Letzia Maria Ramolino di Bounaparte in Ajaccio, Corsica on August 15, 1769. His family had moved there from Italy in the 16th century. Napoleon was the second of eight living children. He was named after an Egyptian religious figure. He and his older brother Giuseppe were allowed to wrestle, draw on the walls and play games in an undecorated room in the house. Napoleon also received a nickname as a child, Rabulione, which means â€Å"he who meddles in everything†(Bloom 2001). Napoleon was a very small, hot tempered youth. Though small, he would often beat up his older brother when fighting. He hade a very large ego and was very conscientious. As a child his mother often had him follow his father to the local tavern because his father liked to gamble and was not very lucky. He would have to run back and give reports to his mother. Napoleon formed many routines as a child that he continued throughout his life. Firstly, he bathed daily, as Emperor he bathed for an hour each morning before getting dressed. Secondly, he was very generous. He bestowed many awards, honors and titles as Emperor. Napoleon 4 Napoleon started school at the age of five. He was enrolled in a school, run by a nun in 1774.

Techonology and Decision Making Paper Hcs 482

Running head: TECHNOLOGY AND DECISION MAKING Technology and Decision Making University of Phoenix Healthcare Informatics HCS/482 Richard Ong November 15, 2008 Technology and Decision Making Technology, decision-making processes, and data accessibility have changed dramatically in recent years. This paper will discuss systems and informatics theories. The paper will confer on the Data, Information, and Knowledge (DIK) Model. The role of expert system in nursing care and medicine will be provided. Decision aids and decision support systems are used everyday providing focus, leadership and direction within technology and will be examined. The use of technology for patient and client management will be explored. An analysis of the impact of technology on healthcare and health status will be investigated. Systems and Informatics Theories Systems are â€Å"a group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole† (Systems, n. d. , Definition). Systems describe healthcare, schools, computers, and a person. The systems are either open or closed. Closed systems are inoperable to function with others third party products and open systems are designed to allow third party products to plug in or interoperate with the system. Neither system interacts with the environment. Open systems consist of three characteristics; purpose, functions, and structure (Englebardt and Nelson, 2002). Systems can have more than one purpose based on the needs of the user. Functions that the system will need to carry out need to be identified for the system to achieve its purpose. The â€Å"systems are structured in ways that allow them to perform their functions† (Englebardt & Nelson, 2002, p. 6). The two types of models used to conceptualize the structure of a system; hierarchical and web (Englebardt & Nelson, 2002). Some examples of system applications are; institution wide, specialty support, documentation, administrations, operations, expert, stand alone information, and decision support. The study of healthcare informatics incorporates theories from information Nursing science, computer science, cognitive science, along with other sciences used in the healthcare delivery (Englebardt & Nelson, 2002). Three models that represent the informatics theories are; Shannon and Weaver’s information-communication model, Blum’s model and The Nelson data to wisdom continuum. Shannon and Weaver’s model states that a message starts with the sender and is converted to a code by the encoder. The converted message can be letters, words, music, symbols or a computer code (Englebardt & Nelson, 2002). The message is carried by a channel and along with the message noise is transmitted in the space to the decoder where the message is converted to a format that is understood by the receiver. â€Å"Bruce L. Blum developed a definition of information from an analysis of the accomplishments in medical computing† (Englebardt & Nelson, 2002, p. 12). According to Blum the three types of healthcare computing applications are; data, information and knowledge (Englebardt & Nelson, 2002). Data is information that is not interpreted. Data that is processed and displayed is categorized as information and when the data and information are combined and formalized knowledge results (Englebardt & Nelson, 2002). â€Å"A knowledge base includes the interrelationship between the data and information† (Englebardt & Nelson, 2002, p. 13). The Nelson Data to Wisdom Continuum states the four types of healthcare computing applications are; data, information, knowledge and wisdom. The four overlap at all times. Data is the naming, collecting and organizing the message. Information is further organizing and interpreting the message. Knowledge occurs when the message is interpreted, integrated and understood. Wisdom is the ability to understand and apply the message with compassion. Data, Information and Knowledge Model â€Å"Nursing informatics, as defined by the American Nurses Association(ANA), is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science and information science to manage and communicate data, information and knowledge in nursing practice† (Newbold, 2008, para. 1). Decision making by healthcare professionals is based on the assimilation of data, information and knowledge to support patient care. Organizing data, information and knowledge for the processing by computers is accomplished through the use of information technology and information structures (Newbold, 2008). The first level is data which â€Å"†¦are recorded (captured and stored) symbols and signal readings† (Liew, 2007, Definitions). Data is bits of information though to just have data is not meaningful to decision making. The second level is information which is organized, interpreted and communicated data between machines or humans. Characteristics of quality information are: complete and clear in its descriptions, accurate, measurable, preferably by measurable objective means such as numbers, variable by independent observers, promptly entered, rapidly and easily available when needed, objective, rather than subjective, comprehensive, including all necessary informati on, appropriate to each user’s needs, clear and unambiguous, reliable, easy and convenient form to interpret, classify, store, retrieve and update† (Theoretical issues, 1998, Concepts). Knowledge is the third level of the model and is the collection of information that is obtained from several sources to produce a concept used to achieve a basis for logical decision-making. The information needs to be useful and applied to be known as knowledge. The final level is Wisdom which â€Å"†¦is the highest level of being able to understand and apply knowledge using compassion† (Theoretical issues, 1998, Concepts). â€Å"Information consists of data, but data is not necessarily information. Also, wisdom is knowledge, which in turn is information, which in turn is data, but, for example, knowledge is not necessarily wisdom. So wisdom is a subset of knowledge, which is a subset of information, which is a subset of data† (Steyn, 2001, para. 2). Without an understanding of the source of data and information which is based on activities and situations, the relationship between data, information, and knowledge will not be understood (Liew, 2007). Expert Systems in Nursing Care and Medicine Medical artificial intelligence is primarily concerned with the structure of Artificial Intelligence (AI) programs that perform diagnosis and make therapy recommendations. Unlike medical applications based on other programming methods, such as purely statistical and probabilistic methods, medical AI programs are based on symbolic models, such as statistical and probabilistic methods, medical AI programs are based on symbolic models of disease entities and their relationship to patient factors and clinical manifestations’ as defined by Clancey and Shortliffe (1984). Expert systems (ES) in nursing care and medic ine fill an appropriate role with intelligent programs offering significant benefits. They hold medical knowledge containing specifically defined tasks and are able to reason with data from individual patients responding with reasoned conclusions. The advantages of an expert system over a doctor are: 1. A large database of knowledge can be added and kept up to date with the ability of a large amount to be stored. 2. The system does not forget or get facts wrong. 3. The continued existence of the knowledge is forever not lost with death or retirement. 4. The computer can make contact with specialist knowledge that a doctor may not have. . The ES may shorten time to make the correct diagnosis and reduce diagnostic errors. 6. Countries with a large number of population and have physicians are limited can receive medical knowledge leading to prompt care. ES’s are not replacing doctors or nurses but are being used by them stimulating an interrogated large database of knowledge of a human expert. Decision Aids and Decision Support Systems Decision support systems (DS S) are systems that â€Å"model and provide support for human decision-making processes in clinical situations. They are advanced technologies that support clinical decision making by interfacing evidence-based clinical knowledge at the point of care with real-time clinical data at significant clinical decision points†(Gregory, 2006, p. 21). Decision support systems offer various methods of decision support, including recommendations for diagnostic testing, critical lab value alerts, help with diagnosis and advice for clinicians on what medications to use. According to the British Medical Journal, â€Å"Clinical decision support systems do not always improve clinical practice, however. In a recent systematic review of computer based systems, most (66%) significantly improved clinical practice, but 34% did not† (Kawanoto, Houlihan, Balas, & Lobach, 2005, p. 769). Decision support systems can improve patient outcomes however; more studies are needed to develop better systems. Decisions by their very nature are uncertain, medical decisions have the added complexity of involving an individual’s values and beliefs as related to the risk-benefit profiles or uncertain outcomes of medical treatment. The goal of using a decision aid is to help the patient make informed decisions based on his or her belief and value system. Limited and conflicting research on the use of decision aids makes it impossible to determine if having patients use a decision aid would benefit him or her. According to an article published in the Medical Decision Making Journal â€Å"Decision aids are a promising new technological innovation in health care, however, like any new innovation, their widespread adoption needs to be preceded by a careful evaluation of their potential harms, rather than an uncritical promotion of their potential benefits† (Nelson, Han, Fagerlin, Stefanek, & Ubel, 2007, p. 617). Decision aids can be an important addition to promoting shared decision making between the physicians and patient however, decision aids â€Å"may send the wrong message to patients about the goals of decision making, or lead patients to believe that they can reduce or eliminate uncertainty when confronting decisions† (Nelson, Han, Fagerlin, Stefanek, & Ubel, 2007, p. 618) Technology for Patient and Client Management Technology can be used in many areas of patient and client management. Technology is said to have the potential to bring the patient and healthcare providers together creating patient-centered care. The goal of patient-centered care is to empower the patients, give patients choices and tailor treatment decisions based on the patient’s beliefs, values, cultural traditions, their family situations and their lifestyles. Technology impacts this concept when healthcare providers use clinical information systems such as enhanced patient registration systems which uses the internet or onsite wireless devices, using decision aids and decision support systems, Telemonitoring Devices, and the electronic health record. New technology will help healthcare providers with patient management by increasing the ability of healthcare providers to retrieve and apply accurate information about their patients quickly and allow patients to acquire information to improve control of their diagnosis and or treatments and to talk with their healthcare providers. Technology on Healthcare and Health Status Analysis The future holds many technological changes that will affect healthcare directly and help shape our already powerful profession. Technological advances will dramatically change healthcare provider’s roles and the healthcare delivery systems. Computers are not unusual for a patient to use to surf the Internet to find information related to the diagnosis. Patients may also browse the Internet and find conditions here the symptoms are closely related to what he or she is experiencing. He reads all he can find, and when he goes to the doctor he may be informed, misinformed, or over-informed, regarding the possible diagnosis of his problem. Technology presents to the healthcare consumer a tremendous resource of information regarding his healthcare. Computers, biosensors, implants, genetic therapies, and imaging devices are examples of the emerging technologies of the 21st century. Medical artificial intelligence in contexts such as computer-assisted surgery, electrocardiography and fetal monitoring interpretation, clinical diagnosis, and genetic counseling will have a major impact on our future. Telemedicine currently ranges from radiographic consultations across cities to telebiotic surgeries across hemispheres (Cohen, Furst, Keil & Keil, 2006). Interactive disks already assist patients to make more independent medical decisions regarding their care. Devices for home use can help monitor blood pressure and blood glucose or perform a pregnancy test. Technology also helps assist patients with finding information regarding a diagnosis. Although technology is very beneficial to healthcare other concerns continue to exist. Every day healthcare providers use complex machinery, including many types of monitors, ventilators, intravenous pumps, feeding pumps, suction devices, electronic beds and scales, lift equipment, and assistive devices. The directions for use of many of these machines are not self-evident and may be highly complicated. As a result, some patients may endure injury secondary to misuse of the product (Cohen, Furst, Keil & Keil, 2006). The company may also incur unexpected expenses if the equipment becomes damaged and need to be replaced. Similarly, new computer systems present many learning difficulties for healthcare providers. Many computer systems are not user friendly. Computer systems designers are notorious for supplying computers with numerous advanced but obscure functions, but these systems often lack the ability to make daily tasks easier t accomplish. Millions of dollars have een wasted on computer systems that are not used or are underused because the user needs were not assessed before the systems were designed (Thielst, 2007). There remain three basic reasons for the continued increase in healthcare costs: inflation, increased demand for services as a result of federal programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, and expensive technological advances in medicine. Conclusion In conclusion, sign ificant economic and social trends are dramatically altering the forms of healthcare delivery in the United States and the roles played by healthcare providers. Advances in technology, globalization of culture and communication, ever-widening computer applications, aging of the population, and dynamic changes in the healthcare industry are among major developments (Thielst, 2007). To cope with and to contribute to the future of healthcare, the healthcare team must understand how computers are now being used in healthcare, and they must be able to work with computers in a cost-effective manner in their healthcare practice. No matter what delivery system is in place in a particular institution, healthcare providers will find that each is vitally involved with ensuring quality and in discovering measurable ways of monitoring quality. References W. J. Clancey and E. H. Shortliffe, eds. (1984). Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: First Decade. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. Cohen, T. , First, E. , Keil, O. & Wang, B. (2006). Medical equipment management strategies. Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, 40(3), 233-238. Englebardt, S. P. , & Nelson, R. (2002). Health care informatics: An interdisciplinary approach. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Gregory, A. (2006, January/March). Issues of Trust and Ethics in Computerized Clinical Decision Support Systems. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 30(1), Pp. 21-29. Kawanoto, K. , Houlihan, C. , Balas, A. , & Lobach, D. (2005, April 2). Improving clinical practice by using clinical decision support systems: A systematic review of trials to identify features critical to success. BMJ, 330, P. 765-700. Liew, A. (2007, June). Understanding data, information, knowledge and their relationship. Retrieved November 10, 2008, from Journal of Knowledge Management Practice: http://www. tlainc. com/article 134. htm Nelson, W. , Han, P. , Fagerlin, A. , Stefanek, M. , & Ubel, P. (2007, October 1, 2007). Rethinking the Objectives of Decision Aids: A Call for Conceptual Clarity. Medical Decision Making, 27(5), Pp. 609-618. Newbold, S. (2008). A new definition for nursing informatics. Retrieved November 10, 2008, from Advance for Nurses: http://nursing. advanceweb. com/Article/A-New-Definition-for-Nursing-Informatics. spx Steyn, J. (2001). Data, information, knowledge and wisdom. Retrieved November 12, 2008, from Knowsystem: http://knowsystems. com/km/definition. html System. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 11, 2008, from Answers. com: http://www. answers. com/topic/system Theoretical Issues. (1998). Retrieved November 10, 2008, from University of Texas at Tyler: http://www. uttyler. edu/nursing/ckilmon/ni/theory. htm Th ielst, C. (2007). The future of healthcare technology. Journal of Healthcare Management, 52(1), 7-10. Retrieved from ProQuest database on November 11, 2008.

Biography of Socrates Essay - 1166 Words

Socrates is known in todays world as one of the greatest philosophers in history. He brought many revolutionary ideas to ancient Athens during his life and even after his death. He had many followers that beloved him even till death. His tragic death only led him to become a martyr for philosophy. Socrates never wrote anything down so what we know of his life is the from the records left by his followers, mainly Plato. Socrates was born around 470 B.C. in Athens to a family with moderate wealth. His father was a mason and his mother was a midwife. He followed his father’s footsteps and became a stone mason as his first job. He was a mason for a few years before he decided to become a philosopher. Because of his family’s wealth, he was†¦show more content†¦Socrates was after the pursuit of truth. Because of this he called everything into question(Philosophypages.com). He believed that ultimate wisdom came from understanding oneself. He believed that the perfect government would come about if it was led by people that had a complete understanding of themselves because they would be able to make the best choices. He believed that knowledge and virtue were inseparable. He said that you could define virtue as right knowledge, and that right thinking and right doing can be distinguished from each other, but they can not be separated.(Sproul 31) Socrates also developed the Socratic Method which is still used to this day. The Socratic Method is the method in which you ask provocative questions in order to try to get your opponent and your audience to think through the problem and to develop their own conclusion(Biography.com). He searched for specific definitions by asking people around the city, from the common to the richest of nobles. Socrates also created ethics based on human reasons. He was deemed the wisest man in Athens by an oracle, but after much thought he realized that he was ignorant but unlike the common man, was wiser for acceptin g his ignorance and he came to the conclusion that ignorance was the beginning of knowledge. He believed that logic was what was left when the facts are exhausted. â€Å"One of the greatestShow MoreRelatedBiography of Socrates, An Annotated Bibliography1581 Words   |  6 Pages Bibliographical Annotations FUTTER, DYLAN. â€Å"Socrates Human Wisdom.† Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review 52.1 (2013): 61-79. Humanities International Complete. Print. 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He had a unique indirect way of diving into the reality of variousRead MoreEssay on Plato1158 Words   |  5 PagesPlato: The Life of Plato Plato was born around 427 BC, in Athens Greece to rich and politically involved family. Platos parents spared no expense in educating him; he was taught at the finest schools. He was taught by Socrates and defended Socrates when he was on trial. Plato traveled to Italy and may have even visited Egypt before founding The Academy. Plato also visited Sicily and instructed a young king there before returning to The Academy to teach for twenty years before his death in 347Read MoreA Comparison of Great Scientists in History Essay1063 Words   |  5 PagesSocrates was an Ancient Greek philosopher who lived from 469-399 B.C. Much of what he knew he learned from another famous Ancient Greek philosopher, Plato. 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